hsntnovel Chapter 1382 11381 Increase the output power of the "BVIII uranium machine" to 10000 watts
Chapter 1382 11381 Increase the output power of the "BVIII uranium machine" to 10000 watts
"I don't understand why six 'B-VIII uranium machines' are connected in series to generate electricity?" Female inventor Hedy Lamarr was very puzzled by the latest design blueprint.
"Mother of the atomic bomb" Liz Meitner gave a convincing answer: "Due to material limitations and in order to prevent the core from melting down, the 'B-VIII uranium machine' cannot operate at full capacity, so an output power of 5000 kilowatts is safe. upper limit.”
As the first generation nuclear reactor, the "B-VIII uranium machine" is a graphite water-cooled reactor.
Graphite Reactor is one of the nuclear fission reactors, and it is also the most commonly used and earliest one. Graphite has good neutron deceleration properties. It was first used as a moderator in atomic reactors. Uranium-graphite reactor is a type of atomic reactor that is widely used: stack up large cubes of graphite, insert nuclear fuel rods into them, and then Start the reactor, so that the fast neutrons released after the fission of uranium 235 will be slowed down by the graphite, and then hit the new uranium 235 nuclei, thus generating a chain reaction. In other respects, the principle of graphite reactor is the same as that of most nuclear power plants, except for the different moderators. Graphite and heavy water are recognized as the best moderators because these two reactors are more efficient. The purity of graphite used in atomic reactors is very high, and the impurity content should not exceed dozens of PPm (parts per million).
Graphite water-cooled reactor (Waterooledgraphitemoder-Atedreactor) is a thermal neutron reactor (Thermal Neutron Reactor), which uses a moderator to reduce the speed of fast neutrons, turning them into thermal neutrons (or slow neutrons), and then uses heat A device that uses neutrons to perform chain reactions. Since thermal neutrons are more likely to cause fission of uranium 235, etc., a chain fission reaction can be obtained with a small amount of fissile material. The moderator is something that contains light elements and absorbs neutral elements. Substances with few electrons, such as heavy water, beryllium, graphite, water, etc. Thermal neutron reactors generally arrange the fuel elements regularly in the moderator to form the core. The chain reaction is carried out in the core), Graphite is the moderator and water is the coolant. In the early days of industrial development, graphite water-cooled stacks were mainly used to produce weapons charges such as plutonium and neon. Such reactors typically use natural uranium metal components as fuel. Uranium-235 in natural uranium in the reactor absorbs neutrons to produce a nuclear fission reaction, releasing neutrons and energy. Some of these neutrons are used to maintain the chain nuclear fission reaction, and some are absorbed by uranium-238 in natural uranium and converted into plutonium-239 and other plutonium isotopes. Pure graphite masonry is used as moderator and reflector for graphite water-cooled stacks. There are two or three horizontal channels (horizontally stacked) or vertical channels (vertically stacked) in graphite masonry. Replaceable graphite sleeves are inserted into these channels, and aluminum alloy process pipes are inserted into the sleeves to separate the cooling water from the graphite moderator. There are ribs on the inner wall of the process pipe to maintain the gap between the process pipe and the fuel element. The temperature of various parts of graphite masonry is not uniform. By changing the gap between the graphite sleeve and the process pipe and the water flow in the process pipe, the masonry temperature can be partially adjusted to make its temperature distribution flatter. Typically, fuel elements are made of rods with a diameter of approximately 35-38 mm and a length of approximately 100-200 mm. In order to increase the specific power and uniform the radial fuel consumption of the elements, tubular fuel elements are also used.
In the early development of nuclear reactors, an open cooling model was used. Even if a river is allowed to flow through the reactor core, water containing heat will be discharged into the river. Due to large water consumption, high levels of radioactivity in drainage, and prominent environmental protection issues, this method has been discontinued and the closed cooling method is widely used, that is, cooling water flows out from the core, heat is output from the reactor, and the heat is transmitted through a heat exchanger The water to the other loop side is then returned to the reactor core through the main pump, forming a closed cycle primary cooling loop or primary loop. There are two ways to deal with the heat of the primary loop water: one is to transfer the heat of the primary loop to the secondary loop water through a heat exchanger, and then cool it through a cooling tower or river water to discharge the heat to the environment. Another method is to transfer heat to a waste heat utilization system through a heat exchanger to provide heat to the outside world or as a heat source for power generation. An important feature of natural uranium cold reactors is the backup reactivity (the positive reactivity value of the reactor supercritical without any control poisons. It is used to regulate power, compensate for negative reactivity coefficients, operating burnup and the accumulation of fission products etc., its size is related to the type of reactor, operating conditions and refueling cycle) is very small.
The reactivity of early graphite water-cooled reactors increased with increasing temperature and reactor power (the so-called "positive temperature effect"), which resulted in an increase in reactivity until the reactor was placed in an external neutron absorber (controlled rods, etc.), may lead to serious accidents such as core meltdown. For example, in 1986, the graphite-moderated high-power tubular reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, melted down due to a sharp increase in power, releasing a large amount of dangerous radioactive materials into the environment. The Chernobyl nuclear accident was the first event classified as Level , the most serious event on the International Nuclear Event Scale. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the issue of positive temperature effects has attracted attention from all walks of life. In terms of reactor physical design, negative temperature effects are obtained to ensure the reactor has crucial self-stability.
The world's first commercial power generation nuclear reactor was officially put into operation in Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia on June 1954, 6. It had an installed capacity of 27 kilowatts and was named the "Atom Mirny" project. Ninsk Nuclear Power Plant. It was decommissioned in April 5000 after half a century of safe operation and was converted into a research and memorial complex.
The technology used in the "Peaceful Atomic Energy" project is most likely derived from the "B-VIII uranium machine" nuclear power technology obtained by the former Soviet Union from the Third Reich.
"I remember that this is not the power limit of the first-generation nuclear reactor." Chief Casting Assistant War Girl Danielle thought seriously.
"That's right." Second Casting Assistant Secretary Anna Moffett, who had done enough homework when she arrived, pointed out a Chinese experimental project slightly later than the former Soviet Union's "Peaceful Atomic Energy".
Construction of the first atomic energy reactor in New China began in May 1956 and was officially put into operation two years later. The main purpose is to conduct scientific experiments and produce isotopes. It also uses uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator and heat transfer agent, so it is called an "experimental heavy water reactor." Its completion marked the beginning of New China's entry into the atomic energy age. The reactor has a thermal power of 5 to 7000 kilowatts. After the reconstruction, the reactor is operating normally. The enhanced power has been increased by 10000% compared with before the reconstruction. The maximum thermal neutron flux has more than doubled. The irradiation space of the reactor has also been increased by 50 times. Low-concentration uranium is still used as fuel.
"So, it is entirely possible for us to increase the output power of the 'B-VIII uranium machine' to 10000 kilowatts. Or even higher." Female inventor Hedy Lamarr immediately grasped the point: "Can we use a more efficient one? Coolant?”
Coolant (Heat-Carrying Agent) is also called "heat carrier agent". It is the medium that takes the energy released from the fission of the nuclear fuel in the reactor core out of the reactor. In addition to general thermal and hydraulic properties, reactor coolants are also required to have a small thermal neutron absorption cross-section, weak induced radioactivity, good irradiation stability and good compatibility with reactor structural materials. Commonly used coolants in thermal neutron reactors include light water, heavy water, carbon dioxide, helium, etc. In reactors using liquid nuclear fuel or liquid moderator, the nuclear fuel or moderator can also serve as the core coolant; in reactors using solid nuclear fuel and solid moderator, an additional coolant must be used. The coolant must continuously flow through the core to take away heat at any time to ensure that the core maintains a certain temperature and prevent the core from overheating or burning out.
The "B-VIII uranium machine" uses heavy water with better nuclear properties, but is extremely expensive.
Historically, the Allies launched many targeted sabotage operations in order to stop the Nazi nuclear program.
For example, "Heavy Waterwar": In October 1942, in order to prevent Germany's atomic bomb program, the Allied Command led a secret military operation called Heavy Water War. On February 10, 1943, the Allied assault group "Swallows" and "Gunners" successfully blew up the German Viemok heavy water production plant in the Barren Mountains in the town of Viemok, Norway. At the end of 2, the Allied air force launched air raids on factories that had resumed production, but to no avail. Afterwards, the Germans planned to relocate the equipment for refining heavy water at the Wimock Chemical Plant and the heavy water it stored there. At 27:1943 on February 1944, 2, lurking Allied commandos blew up the ferry "Haidoro" loaded with heavy water production equipment and materials on Lake Tinsjak in Norway.
As Nazi Germany's last batch of precious heavy water sank to the bottom of the lake together with its manufacturing equipment, Hitler's atomic bomb dream was completely shattered.